Nope, it will of course give them control of -that- corporation if they buy it. You still reap the tax monies, but the downside is if they don't know what they're doing the corporation may not do as well as it might have under you.
I should also preface this with, a lot of players consider random bidding on their corps "hostile" so it's generally advised you'd ask first.
But to my knowledge this is the most direct way to transfer money directly to another country and is obviously somewhat limited. For instance, my Federation made a pledge to invest 800B into a country and used the corporation bidding mechanism to actually do it.
Besides that, If you ever dip into a negative budget (or it might just be 1Trillion), the Security Council on your planet can give you an influx of cash.